# Innovation is not Enough: Climates for Initiative and Psychological Safety, Process Innovations, and Firm Performance

*Baer · Team Learning, Origins · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · 2003 · Open access*

Examined psychological safety at the organisational level — shifting from Edmondson's team-level construct to an organisation-wide climate. Found PS climate mediated between initiative climate and firm performance, and between process innovation and performance. The seven-item organisational-level scale is widely cited.

- **This page:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/baer-frese-2003/
- **View the source paper:** https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227786247_Innovation_is_Not_Enough_Climates_for_Initiative_and_Psychological_Safety_Process_Innovations_and_Firm_Performance
- **Interactive map:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/?mode=papers&node=baer-frese-2003

## Connected concepts (6)

- [Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-1999.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety: A Meta-Analytic Review and Extension](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/frazier-et-al-2017.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety: A Systematic Review of the Literature](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/newman-donohue-eva-2017.md) (paper)
- [Measuring PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/measure-psychological-safety.md)
- [Scaling PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/scaling-psychological-safety-across-your-organisation.md)
- [Westrum's Typologies](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-81-westrums-cultural-typologies.md)