# Managing the Risk of Learning: Psychological Safety in Work Teams

*Edmondson · Team Learning, Origins · International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork (Blackwell) · 2002 · Open access*

Formally distinguishes psychological safety from trust across three dimensions: temporal focus, self vs other orientation, and level of analysis. Introduces the four interpersonal risks that inhibit learning — being seen as ignorant, incompetent, negative, or disruptive — and proposes PS as a moderator between compelling goals and team learning behaviour.

- **This page:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-2002/
- **View the source paper:** https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/02-062_0b5726a8-443d-4629-9e75-736679b870fc.pdf
- **Interactive map:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/?mode=papers&node=edmondson-2002

## Connected concepts (23)

- [Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/kahn-1990.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-1999.md) (paper)
- [Calculus of Voice](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/the-calculus-of-voice.md)
- [Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/march-1991.md) (paper)
- [PS & Trust](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/the-difference-between-trust-and-psychological-safety.md)
- [Psychological Safety: A Meta-Analytic Review and Extension](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/frazier-et-al-2017.md) (paper)
- [What is PS?](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/about-psychological-safety.md)
- [A Strategic View of Team Learning in Organizations](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/harvey-bresman-edmondson-pisano-2022.md) (paper)
- [Affect- and Cognition-Based Trust as Foundations for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/mcallister-1995.md) (paper)
- [Disrupted Routines: Team Learning and New Technology Implementation in Hospitals](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-bohmer-pisano-2001.md) (paper)
- [Failing to Learn and Learning to Fail (Intelligently): How Great Organizations Put Failure to Work to Innovate and Improve](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/cannon-edmondson-2005.md) (paper)
- [How We Respond](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/how-we-respond-matters.md)
- [Leadership Behavior and Employee Voice: Is the Door Really Open?](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/detert-burris-2007.md) (paper)
- [Learning from Mistakes Is Easier Said Than Done: Group and Organizational Influences on the Detection and Correction of Human Error](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-1996.md) (paper)
- [Personal and Organizational Change Through Group Methods: The Laboratory Approach](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/schein-bennis-1965.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety Comes of Age: Observed Themes in an Established Literature](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-bransby-2023.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety, Trust, and Learning in Organizations: A Group-level Lens](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-2003.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety, Trust, and Learning in Organizations: A Group-Level Lens](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-2004.md) (paper)
- [History of PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/the-history-of-psychological-safety.md)
- [Reflections: Voice and Silence in Workplace Conversations](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-besieux-2021.md) (paper)
- [The Dynamics of Team Learning: Harmony and Rhythm in Teamwork Arrangements for Innovation](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/harvey-cromwell-johnson-edmondson-2023.md) (paper)
- [When Feeling Safe Isn't Enough: Contextualizing Models of Safety and Learning in Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/sanner-bunderson-2015.md) (paper)
- [Barriers to PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/barriers-to-psychological-safety.md)