# Psychological Safety: A Meta-Analytic Review and Extension

*Frazier · Origins, Measurement & Method · Personnel Psychology · 2017 · Open access*

The definitive meta-analysis of the PS literature, synthesising 136 samples. Confirmed PS's relationships with outcomes (learning, performance, engagement) and antecedents (leadership, team design). The most comprehensive quantitative summary of what the field has established.

- **This page:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/frazier-et-al-2017/
- **View the source paper:** https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=management_fac_pubs
- **Interactive map:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/?mode=papers&node=frazier-et-al-2017

## Connected concepts (30)

- [Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/kahn-1990.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-1999.md) (paper)
- [Deliberate Learning to Improve Performance in Dynamic Service Settings: Evidence from Hospital Intensive Care Units](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/nembhard-tucker-2011.md) (paper)
- [Disrupted Routines: Team Learning and New Technology Implementation in Hospitals](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-bohmer-pisano-2001.md) (paper)
- [Leadership Behavior and Employee Voice: Is the Door Really Open?](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/detert-burris-2007.md) (paper)
- [Learning from Mistakes Is Easier Said Than Done: Group and Organizational Influences on the Detection and Correction of Human Error](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-1996.md) (paper)
- [Managing the Risk of Learning: Psychological Safety in Work Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-2002.md) (paper)
- [Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in a Pluralistic World](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/morrison-milliken-2000.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety: A Systematic Review of the Literature](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/newman-donohue-eva-2017.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety: The History, Renaissance, and Future of an Interpersonal Construct](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-lei-2014.md) (paper)
- [The Psychological Conditions of Meaningfulness, Safety and Availability and the Engagement of the Human Spirit at Work](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/may-gilson-harter-2004.md) (paper)
- [Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/campbell-1979.md) (paper)
- [Exploring the Relationship between Team Diversity, Psychological Safety and Team Performance: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Drug Development](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/bresman-edmondson-2022.md) (paper)
- [Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/detert-edmondson-2011.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Antecedents of Promotive and Prohibitive Voice: A Two-Wave Examination](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/liang-farh-farh-2012.md) (paper)
- [Reaping the Benefits of Task Conflict in Teams: The Critical Role of Team Psychological Safety Climate](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/bradley-et-al-2012.md) (paper)
- [The Discipline of Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/katzenbach-smith-1993.md) (paper)
- [The Influence of Psychological Safety and Confidence in Knowledge on Employee Knowledge Sharing](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/siemsen-et-al-2009.md) (paper)
- [Verbal Reports as Data](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/ericsson-simon-1980.md) (paper)
- [Voice Flows to and around Leaders: Understanding When Units Are Helped or Hurt by Employee Voice](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/detert-burris-harrison-martin-2013.md) (paper)
- [Benefits of PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/benefits-of-psychological-safety.md)
- [Coping with Uncertainty: The Interaction of Psychological Safety and Authentic Leadership in their Effects on Defensive Decision Making](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/artinger-et-al-2025.md) (paper)
- [High Performing Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/high-performing-teams.md)
- [How Psychological Safety Affects Team Performance: Mediating Role of Efficacy and Learning Behavior](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/kim-lee-connerton-2020.md) (paper)
- [Innovation is not Enough: Climates for Initiative and Psychological Safety, Process Innovations, and Firm Performance](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/baer-frese-2003.md) (paper)
- [Measuring PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/measure-psychological-safety.md)
- [Project Aristotle](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/googles-project-aristotle.md)
- [The Coevolution of Network Ties and Perceptions of Team Psychological Safety](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/schulte-cohen-klein-2010.md) (paper)
- [The Limits of Psychological Safety: Nonlinear Relationships with Performance](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/eldor-hodor-cappelli-2023.md) (paper)
- [The Presence and Potential Impact of Psychological Safety in the Healthcare Setting: An Evidence Synthesis](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/grailey-et-al-2021.md) (paper)