# Deliberate Learning to Improve Performance in Dynamic Service Settings: Evidence from Hospital Intensive Care Units

*Nembhard · Team Learning, Safety & Error · Organization Science · 2011 · Paywalled*

Longitudinal study of ICUs showing that team learning investment produced worse short-term performance but significantly better outcomes over time — after three years, units with higher team learning (and higher psychological safety) had 18% lower mortality rates than those with lower team learning. The finding directly challenges the implicit assumption that learning benefits should be immediate, and provides some of the strongest long-term outcome evidence for PS in healthcare. The temporal lag between investment and return has important practical implications: organisations that evaluate PS interventions on short-term performance metrics will systematically undervalue them.

- **This page:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/nembhard-tucker-2011/
- **View the source paper:** https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0570
- **Interactive map:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/?mode=papers&node=nembhard-tucker-2011

## Connected concepts (8)

- [Psychological Safety: A Meta-Analytic Review and Extension](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/frazier-et-al-2017.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Safety, Trust, and Learning in Organizations: A Group-level Lens](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/edmondson-2003.md) (paper)
- [Why Hospitals Don't Learn from Failures: Organizational and Dynamics That Inhibit System Change](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/tucker-edmondson-2003.md) (paper)
- [Just Culture](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/just-culture.md)
- [Learning Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/learning-teams.md)
- [Making it Safe: The Effects of Leader Inclusiveness and Professional Status on Psychological Safety and Improvement Efforts in Health Care Teams](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/nembhard-edmondson-2006.md) (paper)
- [Measuring PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/measure-psychological-safety.md)
- [PSIRF](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psirf.md)