# Safety I & Safety II

*Tom Geraghty · Safety & Human Error, Models & Critique*

Explains Hollnagel's Safety I (prevent failure) vs Safety II (ensure success) distinction, and why both are needed. Connects to WAI/WAD and Dekker and Allspaw's corrective: things go right for the same basic reasons things go wrong — through people adapting.

- **This page:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-73-safety-i-safety-ii/
- **Read the full article on psychsafety.com:** https://psychsafety.com/psychological-safety-73-safety-i-safety-ii/
- **Interactive map:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/?node=safety-i-ii

## Connected concepts (20)

- [Organizing for High Reliability: Processes of Collective Mindfulness](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/weick-sutcliffe-obstfeld-1999.md) (paper)
- [Risk Management in a Dynamic Society: A Modelling Problem](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/rasmussen-1997.md) (paper)
- [Working in Practice But Not in Theory: Theoretical Challenges of "High-Reliability Organizations"](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/laporte-consolini-1991.md) (paper)
- [From Safety-I to Safety-II: A White Paper](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/hollnagel-wears-braithwaite-2015.md) (paper)
- [From Titanic to Costa Concordia — a Century of Lessons Not Learned](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/schroder-hinrichs-et-al-2012.md) (paper)
- [Collective Mind in Organizations: Heedful Interrelating on Flight Decks](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/weick-roberts-1993.md) (paper)
- [HOP](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/hop-human-and-organisational-performance-training.md)
- [The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/weick-1993-manngulch.md) (paper)
- [A Tale of Two Safeties](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/hollnagel-2012-tale.md) (paper)
- [Amagasaki Disaster](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/the-amagasaki-disaster.md)
- [Building and Revising Adaptive Capacity Sharing for Technical Incident Response: A Case of Resilience Engineering](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/cook-long-2021.md) (paper)
- [Civility Saves Lives](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/civility-saves-lives.md)
- [Dr Richard Cook](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-78-dr-richard-cook.md)
- [Normal Accidents](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/normal-accidents.md)
- [PS in Aviation](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-aviation.md)
- [Resilience Engineering](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-resilience-engineering.md)
- [Resilience is a Verb](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/woods-2018.md) (paper)
- [Safety Work vs Safety of Work](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/safety-work-vs-the-safety-of-work.md)
- [Swiss Cheese Model](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/the-swiss-cheese-model.md)
- [WAI vs WAD](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-work-as-imagined-vs-work-as-done.md)