# Coming to a New Awareness of Organizational Culture

*Schein · Origins · Sloan Management Review · 1984 · Open access*

The paper that introduced Schein's three-level model of organisational culture: artefacts (visible structures and processes), espoused values (strategies and goals), and basic underlying assumptions (unconscious, taken-for-granted beliefs). Argues that culture cannot be changed by addressing artefacts or espoused values alone — the underlying assumptions that shape perception and behaviour must be surfaced and examined. Foundational for understanding why PS interventions that don't address basic assumptions often fail.

- **This page:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/schein-1984/
- **View the source paper:** https://psychsafety.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/coming-to-a-new-awareness-of-organizational-culture-schein-1984.pdf
- **Interactive map:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/?mode=papers&node=schein-1984

## Connected concepts (9)

- [Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/kahn-1990.md) (paper)
- [What is PS?](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/about-psychological-safety.md)
- [Personal and Organizational Change Through Group Methods: The Laboratory Approach](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/schein-bennis-1965.md) (paper)
- [History of PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/the-history-of-psychological-safety.md)
- [Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/argyris-schon-1978.md) (paper)
- [Command & Control](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-56-command-control.md)
- [How Can Organizations Learn Faster? The Problem of Entering the Green Room](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/schein-1992.md) (paper)
- [WAI vs WAD](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-work-as-imagined-vs-work-as-done.md)
- [Westrum's Typologies](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-81-westrums-cultural-typologies.md)