# Types of Silence

*Tom Geraghty · Voice & Silence, Power*

Draws on Pacheco et al's 2015 literature review to map five types of organisational silence: acquiescent, defensive, prosocial, deviant, and diffident. We add two: “Preparatory” and “Filled”. Each has a different relationship to psychological safety and requires a different response.

- **This page:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/types-of-silence/
- **Read the full article on psychsafety.com:** https://psychsafety.com/types-of-silence/
- **Interactive map:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/?node=silence-types

## Connected concepts (27)

- [Calculus of Voice](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/the-calculus-of-voice.md)
- [Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/hirschman-1970.md) (paper)
- [Language and Symbolic Power](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/bourdieu-1991.md) (paper)
- [An Exploratory Study of Employee Silence: Issues That Employees Don't Communicate Upward and Why](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/milliken-morrison-hewlin-2003.md) (paper)
- [Helping and Voice Extra-Role Behaviors: Evidence of Construct and Predictive Validity](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/van-dyne-lepine-1998.md) (paper)
- [Independent Review on the Care Given to Mrs Elaine Bromiley](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/harmer-bromiley-2005.md) (paper)
- [Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in a Pluralistic World](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/morrison-milliken-2000.md) (paper)
- [Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/kahneman-tversky-1979.md) (paper)
- [Speaking Up and Speaking Out: The Leadership Dynamics of Voice in Organizations](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/ashford-sutcliffe-christianson-2009.md) (paper)
- [A Stupidity-Based Theory of Organizations](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/alvesson-spicer-2012.md) (paper)
- [Ambiguity & Predictability](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/ambiguity-predictability-and-psychological-safety.md)
- [Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascos](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/janis-1982.md) (paper)
- [Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/detert-edmondson-2011.md) (paper)
- [Psychological Antecedents of Promotive and Prohibitive Voice: A Two-Wave Examination](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/liang-farh-farh-2012.md) (paper)
- [Quitting Before Leaving: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Attachment and Detachment on Voice](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/burris-detert-chiaburu-2008.md) (paper)
- [Silence in Organizations and Psychological Safety: A Literature Review](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/pacheco-et-al-2015.md) (paper)
- [Silence That May Kill: When Aircrew Members Don't Speak Up and Why](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/bienefeld-grote-2012.md) (paper)
- [The Cost of Silence: Normalization of Deviance and Groupthink](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/nasa-normalization-deviance-2014.md) (paper)
- [Amplifying Weak Signals](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/amplifying-weak-signals.md)
- [Barriers to PS](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/barriers-to-psychological-safety.md)
- [Interpersonal & Existential Threats](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-interpersonal-existential-threats.md)
- [Not Feeling Seen](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/not-feeling-seen-eye-contact-and-psychological-safety.md)
- [Open Secrets & Half-Baked Ideas](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-63-open-secrets-half-baked-ideas.md)
- [Power of Silence](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/the-power-of-silence-in-creating-psychological-safety.md)
- [Prospect Theory](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/prospect-theory-and-psychological-safety.md)
- [PS & Creativity](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-and-creativity.md)
- [Drive, Dissent & Checklists](https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/psychological-safety-70-drive-dissent-and-checklists.md)