# Setting the Tone: Early Interaction Patterns in Swift-Starting Teams as a Predictor of Effectiveness

*Zijlstra, Waller & Phillips · Team Learning, Safety & Error, Measurement & Method · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · 2012 · Paywalled*

Teams that have never met settle into a shape within minutes, and the shape predicts how well they go on to perform. Zijlstra, Waller and Phillips observed eighteen two-pilot crews across the fifteen to twenty minutes of flight preparation before their first simulated leg together in a stationary twin-engine simulator, all licensed pilots on a crew resource management course and none with prior experience of flying as a crew member alongside another pilot. Interaction was coded into categories including command, observation, suggestion, inquiry, answer, disagreement and laughter, then passed through a temporal pattern algorithm that finds sequences recurring more often than chance would give. Instructors rated crew effectiveness afterwards on the LINE and LOS behavioural marker checklist.

Two of the five hypotheses failed, and the failures are informative. Effective and ineffective crews did not differ significantly in the frequency of their coded behaviours, nor significantly in the number of distinct patterns, though the direction favoured fewer patterns among effective crews. What separated them was the character of the patterns: effective crews were more stable in how long their patterns ran, more stable in how complex those patterns were, and more reciprocal, the exchanges running back and forth between both pilots rather than one pilot persisting alone. The authors' own summary is that effective and ineffective teams differed not in activity level but in the quality of their interaction structure.

The reciprocity result is the one that carries to psychological safety, and the paper does not make the connection itself. A crew where talk moves in both directions is a crew where a first officer's observation reliably draws a response, which is the behavioural residue of the condition psychological safety research usually reaches by questionnaire. That it is visible within the first quarter of an hour, before any shared history exists, sits awkwardly beside accounts treating team climate as something accumulated slowly over time.

Read it as small and exploratory. Eighteen crews, split in two, in a simulator, with performance counting towards the pilots' course grade, which makes the setting consequential but unlike line operations. The ranks of captain and first officer were deliberately not emphasised, so this says little about the authority gradient most aviation voice research turns on. Inter-coder reliability was a solid 0.82. The authors put the two null results down partly to the short observation window and the routinised nature of pre-flight work, which is plausible and untested.

- **This page:** https://explore.psychsafety.com/n/zijlstra-waller-phillips-2012/
- **View the source paper:** https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.690399
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