Coping with Uncertainty: The Interaction of Psychological Safety and Authentic Leadership in their Effects on Defensive Decision Making

Artinger et al · Voice & Silence · Journal of Business Research · 2025 · Open access

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Experimental scenario study with 315 managers showing that low PS combined with low authentic leadership significantly increases defensive decision making — choosing a personally safer option over the organisationally better one. Authentic leadership can offset a lack of PS, but adds nothing when PS is already present. Estimates forgone opportunities from defensive decisions at 10.8% of annual revenue.

Artinger, F.M., Marx-Fleck, S., Junker, N.M., Gigerenzer, G., Artinger, S. and van Dick, R. (2025) 'Coping with uncertainty: The interaction of psychological safety and authentic leadership in their effects on defensive decision making', Journal of Business Research, 190, 115240.

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