The Field Guide › Paper

Managing the Risk of Learning: Psychological Safety in Work Teams

Edmondson · Team Learning, Origins · International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork (Blackwell) · 2002 · Open access

Formally distinguishes psychological safety from trust across three dimensions: temporal focus, self vs other orientation, and level of analysis. Introduces the four interpersonal risks that inhibit learning — being seen as ignorant, incompetent, negative, or disruptive — and proposes PS as a moderator between compelling goals and team learning behaviour.

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