Innovation is not Enough: Climates for Initiative and Psychological Safety, Process Innovations, and Firm Performance

Baer & Frese · Team Learning, Origins · Journal of Organizational Behavior · 2003 · Open access

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Examined psychological safety at the organisational level — shifting from Edmondson's team-level construct to an organisation-wide climate. Found PS climate mediated between initiative climate and firm performance, and between process innovation and performance. The seven-item organisational-level scale is widely cited.

Baer, M. and Frese, M. (2003) 'Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance', Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(1), pp. 45–68.

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