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Complexity: a long and technical descent

A guided trail · 17 stops · through the research literature

Complexity science started with physicists trying to explain the weather, and ended up with management consultants trying to explain your team. This trail runs from Weaver to Ostrom, and partway down, we find that complex human systems are a different kind of thing, and it ends not with a lever, but a commons.

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The route

  1. Science and Complexity (Weaver, 1948)

    Weaver's short essay is the historical starting point for the science of complexity, and the piece that named its central object.

  2. An Introduction to Cybernetics (Ashby, 1956)

    The founding textbook of cybernetics, and the source of the one idea from that tradition that organisations most need: the Law of Requisite Variety.

  3. The Architecture of Complexity (Simon, 1962)

    Simon's essay is the second pillar of the complexity-foundations set and, for anyone thinking about organisations, the more directly useful of the two: it supplies the concepts of hierarchy and near-…

  4. More Is Different (Anderson, 1972)

    Anderson's two-page essay is the canonical statement of emergence and the classical-science counterweight to reductionism at this end of the complexity-foundations set.

  5. Complex Adaptive Systems (Holland, 1992)

    Holland's Daedalus essay is where complex adaptive systems acquires its name and its canonical characterisation, and it anchors the systems-science half of the complexity-foundations set alongside An…

  6. Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems (Cilliers, 1998)

    Cilliers supplies the philosophical spine that most organisational uses of complexity are missing, and his argument is a warning as much as a foundation.

  7. Dynamics in Action: Intentional Behavior as a Complex System (Juarrero, 1999)

    Juarrero opens with a question that sounds trivial and is not: what is the difference between a wink and a blink?

  8. The New Dynamics of Strategy: Sense-Making in a Complex and Complicated World (Kurtz & Snowden, 2003)

    This is the paper that introduced the Cynefin framework in its full form, the fuller and more radical predecessor to the Snowden and Boone Harvard piece that most people cite.

  9. Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems (Holling, 1973)

    Holling's paper is the origin of resilience as a technical concept, and the taproot beneath everything else in the ecological-commons set: Walker and colleagues, Levin, and Holling's own later panarc…

  10. Social-Ecological Systems as Complex Adaptive Systems: Organizing Principles for Advancing Research Methods and Approaches (Preiser, Biggs, de Vos & Folke, 2018)

    Preiser, Biggs, de Vos and Folke give the clearest modern statement of what it means to take complex adaptive systems seriously, distilling the field into six organising principles and then following…

  11. What Sociologists Should Know About Complexity (Page, 2015)

    Page writes the bridge between formal complexity science and the study of human social systems, and does it with unusual discipline.

  12. Experimental Evidence for Tipping Points in Social Convention (Centola, Becker, Brackbill & Baronchelli, 2018)

    Centola, Becker, Brackbill and Baronchelli did something rare in complexity research: they took a phenomenon usually invoked as a metaphor, the tipping point, and demonstrated it cleanly in a control…

  13. The Science of Complexity: An Alternative Perspective for Strategic Change Processes (Stacey, 1995)

    Stacey brings the science of complexity to bear on strategic management, and his target is the field's governing assumption that organisations move, or should be moved, towards a stable equilibrium t…

  14. Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System (Meadows, 1999)

    Donella Meadows's short, much-loved essay distilling decades of systems-dynamics work into a ranked list of the places where intervention in a complex system pays off, and the places where it does no…

  15. On Understanding Software Agility: A Social Complexity Point of View (Pelrine, 2011)

    Pelrine brings social complexity science, and specifically Snowden's Cynefin framework, to bear on Agile software development, and the argument doubles as a general case about knowledge work.

  16. Systems Thinking for Safety: Ten Principles. A White Paper — Moving Towards Safety-II (Shorrock, Leonhardt, Licu & Peters, 2014)

    This EUROCONTROL white paper does something the safety literature rarely manages: it takes the sprawling body of systems thinking and complexity theory and distils it into ten workable principles, wr…

  17. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Ostrom, 1990)

    The foundational text of commons scholarship, and the work for which Ostrom would later receive the Nobel Prize in economics; this corpus already holds her 2010 lecture, but the 1990 book is where th…